<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
  <title>Expressions for being covered by something - Tae Kim's Japanese grammar guide</title>
  <meta name="Author" content="Tae Kim" />
  <meta name="Description" content="A guide to Japanese grammar." />
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />

  <style type="text/css">
     @import url('style.css');
  </style>

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="print.css" media="print" />

</head>

<body>
<h1>It's all covered here</h1>

<table align="right" cellpadding="3">
<tr align="center">
	<td>
		<a href="adv_volitional.html">← Previous (Advanced Volitional)</a> |
	</td>
	<td>
		<a href="index.html#contents">Table of Contents</a>
	</td>
	<td>
		| <a href="close_actions.html">Next (Actions right after) →</a>
	</td>
</tr>
</table>

<br /><br /><br />

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td>
<div class="outline">
<!-- outline menu -->
<center><span class="summary">Outline</span></center>
<ol>
<li><a href="#part1">Special Expressions for Coverings</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">Using 「だらけ」 when an object is riddled everywhere with something</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Using 「まみれ」 to describe a covering</a></li>
<li><a href="#part4">「ずくめ」 to express entirety</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</td></tr>
</table>


<h2 id="part1">Special Expressions for Coverings</h2>
This is a short lesson to cover several specialized expressions that describe the state of being covered by something. Mostly, we will
focus on the differences between 「だらけ」、「まみれ」 and 「ずくめ」.

<h2 id="part2">Using 「だらけ」 when an object is riddled everywhere with something</h2>
「だらけ」 is usually used when something is riddled everywhere. It generally carries a negative connotation. As a result, you'll often see 「だらけ」 used with expressions like
「間違えだらけ」, 「ゴミだらけ」, or 「埃だらけ」. There is no conjugation rule to cover here, all you need to do is attach 「だらけ」 to the noun
that is just all over the place. You should treat the result just like you would a regular noun.

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「だらけ」 to describe the state of being riddled everywhere by something</span>
<ul>
<li>Attach 「だらけ」 to the noun that is covering the object or place
<br />例）　間違え → 間違え<em>だらけ</em> (riddled with mistakes)
<br />例）　埃 → 埃<em>だらけ</em> (riddled with dust)
</li>
</ul>
</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　このドキュメントは<em>間違えだらけ</em>で、全然役に立たない。
<br /> - This document is just riddled with mistakes and is not useful at all.
</p>

<p>
（２）　携帯を２年間使ってたら、<em>傷だらけ</em>になった。
<br /> - After using cell phone for 2 years, it became covered with scratches.
</p>

<p>
※Notice how the 「の」 particle is used to modify since 「だらけ」 functions like a noun.
</p>

<p>
（３）　この<em>埃だれけ</em>のテレビをちゃんと拭いてくれない？
<br /> - Can you properly dust this TV completely covered in dust?
</p>

<h2 id="part3">Using 「まみれ」 to describe a covering</h2>
「まみれ」 may seem very similar to 「だらけ」 but there are some very important subtle differences. First, it's only used for
actually physical objects so you can't say things like 「間違えまみれ」 like you can with 「だらけ」. Plus, you can only use it for
things that literally cover the object. In other words, you can't use it to mean "littered" or "riddled" like we have done with
「だらけ」 So you can use it for things like liquids and dust, but you can't use it for things like scratches and garbage.

<p>The grammatical rules are the same as 「だらけ」.</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「まみれ」 to describe a covering by sticking</span>
<ul>
<li>Like 「だらけ」, you attach 「まみれ」 to the noun that is doing covering.
<br />例）　血 → 血<em>まみれ</em> (covered in blood)
<br />例）　油 → 油<em>まみれ</em> (covered in oil)
</li>
<li>You can only use 「まみれ」 for physical objects that literally covers the object.
<br />例）　間違え<em><strike>まみれ</strike></em> (not a physical object)
<br />例）　ゴミ<em><strike>まみれ</strike></em> (doesn't actually cover anything)
</li>
</ul>
</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>
<p>
（１）　彼は<em>油まみれ</em>になりながら、車の修理に頑張りました。
<br /> - While becoming covered in oil, he worked hard at fixing the car.
</p>
<p>（２）　たった１キロを走っただけで、<em>汗まみれ</em>になるのは情けない。
<br /> - It's pitiful that one gets covered in sweat from running just 1 kilometer.
</p>

<h2 id="part4">「ずくめ」 to express entirety</h2>
The 「大辞林」 dictionary describes exactly what 「ずくめ」 means very well.
<p>
名詞およびそれに準ずる語句に付いて、何から何まで、そればかりであることを表す。すべて…である。
「うそ―の言いわけ」「いいこと―」「黒―の服装」「結構―」
</p>

<p>
In other words, 「ずくめ」 describes something that applies to the whole thing. For instance, if we were talking about the human
body, the expression "is [X] from head to toe" might be close to what 「ずくめ」 means.
</p>
<p>
In actuality, 「ずくめ」 is an expression that is rarely used and usually with a color to describe people
completely dressed in that color. For example, you can see what is meant by 「白ずくめの従業員」 in
<a href="http://mytown.asahi.com/wakayama/news01.asp?c=13&amp;kiji=283">this 朝日 article</a>.
</p>

<p>
Grammatically, 「ずくめ」 works in exactly the same ways as 「だらけ」 and 「まみれ」.
</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「ずくめ」 to describe something that applies to the whole thing</span>
<ul>
<li>Attach 「ずくめ」 to the noun that applies to the whole thing.
<br />例） 白 → 白<em>ずくめ</em>
<br />例） いいこと → いいこと<em>ずくめ</em></li>
</ul>
</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>
<p>
（１）　<em>白ずくめ</em>団体は去年ニューズになっていた。
<br /> - The organization dressed all in white was on the news last year.
</p>

<p>
（２）　女の子と共通の話題ができて、自分の体も健康になる。<em>いいことずくめ</em>ですよ。(from <a href="http://www.de-sire.net/food.html">www.de-sire.net</a>)
<br /> - A common topic to talk about with girls is able to be made and one's own body also becomes healthy. It's all good things.
</p>

<div class="botmenu">
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="15">
  <tr>
    <td><a href="adv_volitional.html">← Previous (Advanced Volitional)</a></td>
    <td><a href="index.html#contents">Table of Contents</a></td>
    <td><a href="close_actions.html">Next (Actions right after) →</a></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="footer">
<!-- Creative Commons License -->
<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="http://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights20.gif" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">Creative Commons License</a>.
<!-- /Creative Commons License -->


<!--

<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://web.resource.org/cc/"
    xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<Work rdf:about="">
   <dc:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" />
   <license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" />
</Work>

<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction" />
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution" />
   <prohibits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/CommercialUse" />
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike" />
</License>

</rdf:RDF>

-->
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2003-2007 Tae Kim (taekim.japanese AT gmail.com)</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/viewforum.php?id=18">Report a correction or suggestion for this page</a>
</p>
</div>

<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>This page has last been revised on 2006/6/28</pre></div>

</body>
</html>
